bytecode compiler impirsts and external functions call support, byyterun imports and external functions calls parsing, initial impl of module manager

This commit is contained in:
ProgramSnail 2024-11-29 13:45:03 +03:00
parent 2cd7afe0c5
commit 0a26953318
11 changed files with 409 additions and 205 deletions

View file

@ -5,8 +5,20 @@
(:main src/cli.c src/interpreter.c)
(:parser src/parser.c)
(:utils src/types.c)
(:runtime ../runtime/runtime.a)
(:module_manager module_manager.o))
(mode
(promote (until-clean)))
(action
(run gcc -Iinclude/ %{main} %{parser} %{utils} %{runtime} %{module_manager} -lstdc++ -o %{target})))
(rule
(target module_manager.o)
(deps
(:include (source_tree include))
(:src src/module_manager.cpp)
(:runtime ../runtime/runtime.a))
(mode
(promote (until-clean)))
(action
(run gcc -Iinclude/ %{main} %{parser} %{utils} %{runtime} -o %{target})))
(run g++ -Iinclude/ -c %{src} -o %{target})))

View file

@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
#pragma once
#include <stdint.h>
#include "utils.h"
struct ModSearchResult {
ssize_t symbol_offset; // < 0 => not found
uint32_t mod_id;
bytefile *mod_file;
};
void mod_add_search_path(const char *path);
bytefile *mod_get(uint32_t id);
int32_t mod_load(const char *name); // < 0 => not found
struct ModSearchResult mod_search_pub_symbol(const char *name);

View file

@ -19,8 +19,8 @@
DEF(CMD_BINOP_AND, &&) \
DEF(CMD_BINOP_OR, ||)
const char *read_cmd(char *ip);
const char *read_cmd(const char *ip);
bytefile *read_file(char *fname);
bytefile *read_file(const char *fname);
// void dump_file(FILE *f, bytefile *bf);
void dump_file(FILE *f, bytefile *bf);

View file

@ -146,6 +146,7 @@ enum CMD_CTRLS {
CMD_CTRL_ARRAY,
CMD_CTRL_FAIL,
CMD_CTRL_LINE,
CMD_CTRL_CALLF,
};
enum CMD_PATTS {

View file

@ -10,13 +10,15 @@
/* The unpacked representation of bytecode file */
typedef struct {
char *string_ptr; /* A pointer to the beginning of the string table */
int *imports_ptr; /* A pointer to the beginning of imports table */
int *public_ptr; /* A pointer to the beginning of publics table */
char *code_ptr; /* A pointer to the bytecode itself */
int *global_ptr; /* A pointer to the global area */
int code_size; /* The size (in bytes) of code */
uint stringtab_size; /* The size (in bytes) of the string table */
uint global_area_size; /* The size (in words) of global area */
uint public_symbols_number; /* The number of public symbols */
uint imports_number; /* The number of imports */
uint public_symbols_number; /* The number of public symbols */
char buffer[0];
} bytefile;
@ -29,15 +31,23 @@ static inline void exec_failure(const char *cmd, int line, aint offset,
/* Gets a string from a string table by an index */
static inline const char *get_string(const bytefile *f, size_t pos) {
if (pos >= f->stringtab_size) {
failure("strinpg pos is out of range: %zu >= %i\n", pos, f->stringtab_size);
failure("string pos is out of range: %zu >= %i\n", pos, f->stringtab_size);
}
return &f->string_ptr[pos];
}
/* Gets import */
static inline const char *get_import(const bytefile *f, size_t i) {
if (i >= f->imports_number) {
failure("import pos is out of range: %zu >= %i\n", i, f->imports_number);
}
return get_string(f, f->imports_ptr[i]);
}
/* Gets a name for a public symbol */
static inline const char *get_public_name(const bytefile *f, size_t i) {
if (i >= f->public_symbols_number) {
failure("public number is out of range: %zu >= %i\n", i * 2,
failure("public number is out of range: %zu >= %i\n", i,
f->public_symbols_number);
}
return get_string(f, f->public_ptr[i * 2]);
@ -45,8 +55,8 @@ static inline const char *get_public_name(const bytefile *f, size_t i) {
/* Gets an offset for a publie symbol */
static inline size_t get_public_offset(const bytefile *f, size_t i) {
if (i + 1 >= f->public_symbols_number) {
failure("public number is out of range: %zu >= %i\n", i * 2 + 1,
if (i >= f->public_symbols_number) {
failure("public number is out of range: %zu >= %i\n", i,
f->public_symbols_number);
}
return f->public_ptr[i * 2 + 1];

View file

@ -4,15 +4,18 @@
#include "../../runtime/runtime.h"
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
if (argc < 2) {
failure("no file name provided");
if (argc < 3) {
failure("two arguments should be provided: execution option (-i/-p) and file name\n");
}
bytefile *f = read_file(argv[1]);
// #ifdef DEBUG_VERSION
// dump_file (stdout, f);
// #endif
run(f, argc - 1, argv + 1);
bytefile *f = read_file(argv[2]);
if (strcmp(argv[1], "-i") == 0) {
run(f, argc - 1, argv + 1);
} else if (strcmp(argv[1], "-p") == 0) {
dump_file (stdout, f);
} else {
failure("undefined execution mode. Execution mode should be -i (interpret) or -p (print)\n");
}
free(f->global_ptr);
free(f);

View file

@ -369,6 +369,23 @@ void run(bytefile *bf, int argc, char **argv) {
// maybe some metainfo should be collected
break;
case CMD_CTRL_CALLF: { // CALLF %s %d // call external function
const char* call_func = ip_read_string(&s.ip);
ip_read_int(&s.ip); // args count
// TODO: jump to other module, save ret module
// call_happened = true;
// s.is_closure_call = false;
// s.call_ip = s.ip;
// if (call_p >= bf->code_size) {
// s_failure(&s, "jump out of file");
// }
// s.ip = bf->code_ptr + call_p;
break;
}
default:
s_failure(&s, "invalid opcode"); // %d-%d\n", h, l);
}

View file

@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
extern "C" {
#include "module_manager.h"
#include "parser.h"
#include "utils.h"
}
#include <filesystem>
#include <string>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <vector>
struct ModSymbolPos {
uint32_t mod_id;
size_t offset;
};
struct ModuleManager {
std::unordered_map<std::string, uint32_t> loaded_modules;
std::unordered_map<std::string, ModSymbolPos> public_symbols_mods;
std::vector<bytefile *> modules;
std::vector<std::filesystem::path> search_paths;
};
static ModuleManager manager;
uint32_t path_mod_load(const char *name, std::filesystem::path &&path) {
bytefile *module = read_file(path.c_str());
uint32_t id = manager.modules.size();
manager.modules.push_back(module);
for (size_t i = 0; i < module->public_symbols_number; ++i) {
if (!manager.public_symbols_mods
.insert({
get_public_name(module, i),
{.mod_id = id, .offset = get_public_offset(module, i)},
})
.second) {
failure("public symbol loaded more then once\n");
}
}
manager.loaded_modules.insert({name, id});
return id;
}
extern "C" {
void mod_add_search_path(const char *path) {
manager.search_paths.emplace_back(path);
}
bytefile *mod_get(uint32_t id) {
if (id > manager.modules.size()) {
failure("module id is out of range\n");
}
return manager.modules[id];
}
int32_t find_mod_loaded(const char *name) {
auto it = manager.loaded_modules.find(name);
// module already loaded
if (it != manager.loaded_modules.end()) {
return it->second;
}
return -1;
}
int32_t mod_load(const char *name) {
auto it = manager.loaded_modules.find(name);
// module already loaded
if (it != manager.loaded_modules.end()) {
return it->second;
}
if (std::filesystem::exists(name)) {
return path_mod_load(name, name);
}
for (const auto &dir_path : manager.search_paths) {
auto path = dir_path / name;
if (std::filesystem::exists(path)) {
return path_mod_load(name, std::move(path));
}
}
return -1;
}
ModSearchResult mod_search_pub_symbol(const char *name) {
auto it = manager.public_symbols_mods.find(name);
if (it == manager.public_symbols_mods.end()) {
return {.symbol_offset = -1, .mod_id = 0, .mod_file = nullptr};
}
return {
.symbol_offset = (int32_t)it->second.offset,
.mod_id = it->second.mod_id,
.mod_file = mod_get(it->second.mod_id),
};
}
}

View file

@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ void *__start_custom_data;
void *__stop_custom_data;
/* Reads a binary bytecode file by name and unpacks it */
bytefile* read_file (char *fname) {
bytefile* read_file (const char *fname) {
FILE *f = fopen (fname, "rb");
bytefile *file;
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ bytefile* read_file (char *fname) {
}
long size = ftell (f);
long additional_size = sizeof(void*) * 4 + sizeof(int);
long additional_size = sizeof(void*) * 5 + sizeof(int);
file = (bytefile*) malloc (size + additional_size); // file itself + additional data
char* file_begin = (char*)file + additional_size;
@ -45,11 +45,13 @@ bytefile* read_file (char *fname) {
fclose (f);
long imports_size = file->imports_number * sizeof(int);
long public_symbols_size = file->public_symbols_number * 2 * sizeof(int);
if (file->buffer + public_symbols_size >= file_end) {
long strings_buffer_offset = public_symbols_size + imports_size;
if (file->buffer + strings_buffer_offset >= file_end) {
failure ("public symbols are out of the file size\n");
}
file->string_ptr = &file->buffer[public_symbols_size];
file->string_ptr = &file->buffer[strings_buffer_offset];
if (file->string_ptr + file->stringtab_size > file_end) {
failure ("strings table is out of the file size\n");
}
@ -60,16 +62,17 @@ bytefile* read_file (char *fname) {
failure ("file zones sizes should be >= 0\n");
}
file->public_ptr = (int*) file->buffer;
file->imports_ptr = (int*) file->buffer;
file->public_ptr = (int*) (file->buffer + imports_size);
file->code_ptr = &file->string_ptr [file->stringtab_size];
file->global_ptr = (int*) calloc (file->global_area_size, sizeof (int));
file->code_size = size - public_symbols_size - file->stringtab_size;
file->code_size = size - strings_buffer_offset - file->stringtab_size;
return file;
}
const char *read_cmd(char *ip) {
const char *read_cmd(const char *ip) {
uint8_t x = (*ip++), h = (x & 0xF0) >> 4, l = x & 0x0F;
switch (h) {
@ -138,6 +141,8 @@ const char *read_cmd(char *ip) {
return "FAIL";
case CMD_CTRL_LINE:
return "LINE";
case CMD_CTRL_CALLF:
return "CALL";
default:
return "_UNDEF_CMD5_";
}
@ -164,225 +169,236 @@ const char *read_cmd(char *ip) {
}
}
// /* Disassembles the bytecode pool */
// void disassemble (FILE *f, bytefile *bf) {
/* Disassembles the bytecode pool */
void disassemble (FILE *f, bytefile *bf) {
// # define INT (ip += sizeof (int), *(int*)(ip - sizeof (int)))
// # define BYTE *ip++
// # define STRING get_string (bf, INT)
// # define FAIL failure ("ERROR: invalid opcode %d-%d\n", h, l)
# define INT (ip += sizeof (int), *(int*)(ip - sizeof (int)))
# define BYTE *ip++
# define STRING get_string (bf, INT)
# define FAIL failure ("ERROR: invalid opcode %d-%d\n", h, l)
// char *ip = bf->code_ptr;
// char *ops [] = {"+", "-", "*", "/", "%", "<", "<=", ">", ">=", "==", "!=", "&&", "!!"};
// char *pats[] = {"=str", "#string", "#array", "#sexp", "#ref", "#val", "#fun"};
// char *lds [] = {"LD", "LDA", "ST"};
// do {
// uint8_t x = BYTE,
// h = (x & 0xF0) >> 4,
// l = x & 0x0F;
char *ip = bf->code_ptr;
char *ops [] = {"+", "-", "*", "/", "%", "<", "<=", ">", ">=", "==", "!=", "&&", "!!"};
char *pats[] = {"=str", "#string", "#array", "#sexp", "#ref", "#val", "#fun"};
char *lds [] = {"LD", "LDA", "ST"};
do {
uint8_t x = BYTE,
h = (x & 0xF0) >> 4,
l = x & 0x0F;
// fprintf (f, "0x%.8x:\t", ip-bf->code_ptr-1);
fprintf (f, "0x%.8x:\t", ip-bf->code_ptr-1);
// switch (h) {
// case 15:
// goto stop;
switch (h) {
case 15:
goto stop;
// /* BINOP */
// case 0:
// fprintf (f, "BINOP\t%s", ops[l-1]);
// break;
/* BINOP */
case 0:
fprintf (f, "BINOP\t%s", ops[l-1]);
break;
// case 1:
// switch (l) {
// case 0:
// fprintf (f, "CONST\t%d", INT);
// break;
case 1:
switch (l) {
case 0:
fprintf (f, "CONST\t%d", INT);
break;
// case 1:
// fprintf (f, "STRING\t%s", STRING);
// break;
case 1:
fprintf (f, "STRING\t%s", STRING);
break;
// case 2:
// fprintf (f, "SEXP\t%s ", STRING);
// fprintf (f, "%d", INT);
// break;
case 2:
fprintf (f, "SEXP\t%s ", STRING);
fprintf (f, "%d", INT);
break;
// case 3:
// fprintf (f, "STI");
// break;
case 3:
fprintf (f, "STI");
break;
// case 4:
// fprintf (f, "STA");
// break;
case 4:
fprintf (f, "STA");
break;
// case 5:
// fprintf (f, "JMP\t0x%.8x", INT);
// break;
case 5:
fprintf (f, "JMP\t0x%.8x", INT);
break;
// case 6:
// fprintf (f, "END");
// break;
case 6:
fprintf (f, "END");
break;
// case 7:
// fprintf (f, "RET");
// break;
case 7:
fprintf (f, "RET");
break;
// case 8:
// fprintf (f, "DROP");
// break;
case 8:
fprintf (f, "DROP");
break;
// case 9:
// fprintf (f, "DUP");
// break;
case 9:
fprintf (f, "DUP");
break;
// case 10:
// fprintf (f, "SWAP");
// break;
case 10:
fprintf (f, "SWAP");
break;
// case 11:
// fprintf (f, "ELEM");
// break;
case 11:
fprintf (f, "ELEM");
break;
// default:
// FAIL;
// }
// break;
default:
FAIL;
}
break;
// case 2:
// case 3:
// case 4:
// fprintf (f, "%s\t", lds[h-2]);
// switch (l) {
// case 0: fprintf (f, "G(%d)", INT); break;
// case 1: fprintf (f, "L(%d)", INT); break;
// case 2: fprintf (f, "A(%d)", INT); break;
// case 3: fprintf (f, "C(%d)", INT); break;
// default: FAIL;
// }
// break;
case 2:
case 3:
case 4:
fprintf (f, "%s\t", lds[h-2]);
switch (l) {
case 0: fprintf (f, "G(%d)", INT); break;
case 1: fprintf (f, "L(%d)", INT); break;
case 2: fprintf (f, "A(%d)", INT); break;
case 3: fprintf (f, "C(%d)", INT); break;
default: FAIL;
}
break;
// case 5:
// switch (l) {
// case 0:
// fprintf (f, "CJMPz\t0x%.8x", INT);
// break;
case 5:
switch (l) {
case 0:
fprintf (f, "CJMPz\t0x%.8x", INT);
break;
// case 1:
// fprintf (f, "CJMPnz\t0x%.8x", INT);
// break;
case 1:
fprintf (f, "CJMPnz\t0x%.8x", INT);
break;
// case 2:
// fprintf (f, "BEGIN\t%d ", INT);
// fprintf (f, "%d", INT);
// break;
case 2:
fprintf (f, "BEGIN\t%d ", INT);
fprintf (f, "%d", INT);
break;
// case 3:
// fprintf (f, "CBEGIN\t%d ", INT);
// fprintf (f, "%d", INT);
// break;
case 3:
fprintf (f, "CBEGIN\t%d ", INT);
fprintf (f, "%d", INT);
break;
// case 4:
// fprintf (f, "CLOSURE\t0x%.8x", INT);
// {int n = INT;
// for (int i = 0; i<n; i++) {
// switch (BYTE) {
// case 0: fprintf (f, "G(%d)", INT); break;
// case 1: fprintf (f, "L(%d)", INT); break;
// case 2: fprintf (f, "A(%d)", INT); break;
// case 3: fprintf (f, "C(%d)", INT); break;
// default: FAIL;
// }
// }
// };
// break;
case 4:
fprintf (f, "CLOSURE\t0x%.8x", INT);
{int n = INT;
for (int i = 0; i<n; i++) {
switch (BYTE) {
case 0: fprintf (f, "G(%d)", INT); break;
case 1: fprintf (f, "L(%d)", INT); break;
case 2: fprintf (f, "A(%d)", INT); break;
case 3: fprintf (f, "C(%d)", INT); break;
default: FAIL;
}
}
};
break;
// case 5:
// fprintf (f, "CALLC\t%d", INT);
// break;
case 5:
fprintf (f, "CALLC\t%d", INT);
break;
// case 6:
// fprintf (f, "CALL\t0x%.8x ", INT);
// fprintf (f, "%d", INT);
// break;
case 6:
fprintf (f, "CALL\t0x%.8x ", INT);
fprintf (f, "%d", INT);
break;
// case 7:
// fprintf (f, "TAG\t%s ", STRING);
// fprintf (f, "%d", INT);
// break;
case 7:
fprintf (f, "TAG\t%s ", STRING);
fprintf (f, "%d", INT);
break;
// case 8:
// fprintf (f, "ARRAY\t%d", INT);
// break;
case 8:
fprintf (f, "ARRAY\t%d", INT);
break;
// case 9:
// fprintf (f, "FAIL\t%d", INT);
// fprintf (f, "%d", INT);
// break;
case 9:
fprintf (f, "FAIL\t%d", INT);
fprintf (f, "%d", INT);
break;
// case 10:
// fprintf (f, "LINE\t%d", INT);
// break;
case 10:
fprintf (f, "LINE\t%d", INT);
break;
// default:
// FAIL;
// }
// break;
case 11:
fprintf (f, "CALLF\t%s ", STRING);
fprintf (f, "%d", INT);
break;
default:
FAIL;
}
break;
// case 6:
// fprintf (f, "PATT\t%s", pats[l]);
// break;
case 6:
fprintf (f, "PATT\t%s", pats[l]);
break;
// case 7: {
// switch (l) {
// case 0:
// fprintf (f, "CALL\tLread");
// break;
case 7: {
switch (l) {
case 0:
fprintf (f, "CALL\tLread");
break;
// case 1:
// fprintf (f, "CALL\tLwrite");
// break;
case 1:
fprintf (f, "CALL\tLwrite");
break;
// case 2:
// fprintf (f, "CALL\tLlength");
// break;
case 2:
fprintf (f, "CALL\tLlength");
break;
// case 3:
// fprintf (f, "CALL\tLstring");
// break;
case 3:
fprintf (f, "CALL\tLstring");
break;
// case 4:
// fprintf (f, "CALL\tBarray\t%d", INT);
// break;
case 4:
fprintf (f, "CALL\tBarray\t%d", INT);
break;
// default:
// FAIL;
// }
// }
// break;
default:
FAIL;
}
}
break;
// default:
// FAIL;
// }
default:
FAIL;
}
// fprintf (f, "\n");
// }
// while (1);
// stop: fprintf (f, "<end>\n");
// }
fprintf (f, "\n");
}
while (1);
stop: fprintf (f, "<end>\n");
}
// /* Dumps the contents of the file */
// void dump_file (FILE *f, bytefile *bf) {
// size_t i;
/* Dumps the contents of the file */
void dump_file (FILE *f, bytefile *bf) {
size_t i;
// fprintf (f, "String table size : %d\n", bf->stringtab_size);
// fprintf (f, "Global area size : %d\n", bf->global_area_size);
// fprintf (f, "Number of public symbols: %d\n", bf->public_symbols_number);
// fprintf (f, "Public symbols :\n");
fprintf (f, "String table size : %d\n", bf->stringtab_size);
fprintf (f, "Global area size : %d\n", bf->global_area_size);
fprintf (f, "Number of imports : %d\n", bf->imports_number);
fprintf (f, "Number of public symbols: %d\n", bf->public_symbols_number);
fprintf (f, "Imports :\n");
// for (i=0; i < bf->public_symbols_number; i++)
// fprintf (f, " 0x%.8x: %s\n", get_public_offset (bf, i), get_public_name (bf, i));
for (i=0; i < bf->imports_number; i++)
fprintf (f, " %s\n", get_import (bf, i));
// fprintf (f, "Code:\n");
// disassemble (f, bf);
// }
fprintf (f, "Public symbols :\n");
for (i=0; i < bf->public_symbols_number; i++)
fprintf (f, " 0x%.8x: %s\n", get_public_offset (bf, i), get_public_name (bf, i));
fprintf (f, "Code:\n");
disassemble (f, bf);
}

View file

@ -28,4 +28,4 @@ fun generate (n) {
if n then n : generate (n-1) else {} fi
}
bubbleSort (generate (1000))
bubbleSort (generate (1000))

View file

@ -172,15 +172,19 @@ module ByteCode = struct
let code = Buffer.create 256 in
let st = StringTab.create () in
let lmap = Stdlib.ref M.empty in
let externs = Stdlib.ref S.empty in
let pubs = Stdlib.ref S.empty in
let imports = Stdlib.ref S.empty in
let globals = Stdlib.ref M.empty in
let glob_count = Stdlib.ref 0 in
let fixups = Stdlib.ref [] in
let func_fixups = Stdlib.ref [] in
let add_lab l = lmap := M.add l (Buffer.length code) !lmap in
let add_extern l = externs := S.add l !externs in
let add_public l = pubs := S.add l !pubs in
let add_import l = imports := S.add l !imports in
let add_fixup l = fixups := (Buffer.length code, l) :: !fixups in
let add_func_fixup c l = func_fixups := (c, Buffer.length code, l) :: !func_fixups in
let add_bytes = List.iter (fun x -> Buffer.add_char code @@ Char.chr x) in
let add_ints =
List.iter (fun x -> Buffer.add_int32_ne code @@ Int32.of_int x)
@ -302,9 +306,10 @@ module ByteCode = struct
add_ints [ n ]
(* 0x56 l:32 n:32 *)
| CALL (fn, n, _) ->
add_bytes [ (5 * 16) + 6 ];
add_fixup fn;
add_ints [ 0; n ]
(add_bytes [ (5 * 16) + 6 ];
(* TODO: 1 -> sizeof byte ?? *)
add_func_fixup (Buffer.length code - 1) fn;
add_ints [ 0; n ])
(* 0x57 s:32 n:32 *)
| TAG (s, n) ->
add_bytes [ (5 * 16) + 7 ];
@ -324,9 +329,11 @@ module ByteCode = struct
add_ints [ n ]
(* 0x6p *)
| PATT p -> add_bytes [ (6 * 16) + enum patt p ]
| EXTERN _ -> ()
| EXTERN s -> add_extern s
(* TODO: put externs in string table (?), or check that all external funtions are externs *)
| PUBLIC s -> add_public s
| IMPORT s -> add_import s
(* TODO: add imports table before publics *)
| _ ->
failwith
(Printf.sprintf "Unexpected pattern: %s: %d" __FILE__ __LINE__)
@ -334,6 +341,15 @@ module ByteCode = struct
List.iter insn_code insns;
add_bytes [ 255 ];
let code = Buffer.to_bytes code in
List.iter
(fun (cmd_ofs, addr_ofs, l) ->
Bytes.set_int32_ne code addr_ofs
(Int32.of_int
@@
try M.find l !lmap
with Not_found ->
Bytes.set_int8 code cmd_ofs ((5 * 16) + 11); StringTab.add st l))
!func_fixups;
List.iter
(fun (ofs, l) ->
Bytes.set_int32_ne code ofs
@ -343,6 +359,11 @@ module ByteCode = struct
with Not_found ->
failwith (Printf.sprintf "ERROR: undefined label '%s'" l)))
!fixups;
let imports = (* TODO: check *)
List.map (fun l ->
(Int32.of_int @@ StringTab.add st l))
@@ S.elements !imports
in
let pubs =
List.map (fun l ->
( Int32.of_int @@ StringTab.add st l,
@ -357,7 +378,12 @@ module ByteCode = struct
let file = Buffer.create 1024 in
Buffer.add_int32_ne file (Int32.of_int @@ Bytes.length st);
Buffer.add_int32_ne file (Int32.of_int @@ !glob_count);
Buffer.add_int32_ne file (Int32.of_int @@ List.length imports);
Buffer.add_int32_ne file (Int32.of_int @@ List.length pubs);
List.iter
(fun (n) ->
Buffer.add_int32_ne file n)
imports;
List.iter
(fun (n, o) ->
Buffer.add_int32_ne file n;