lang/tests/test.lang

#!/usr/bin/env lang

:: module; // import module to current namespace

:: _ = module_2; // import module to current namespace and use functions inside without namespace

:: module_3 : func1 func2 func3;
:: module_namespace = module_4;

func {

  @ => {
    %x := scan;
    ?? x == ''x'' => break;
  };

  @ i < 10 => {
    inc i;
  };

  @ %x : 1..10 => {
    print "Hello  World!\n";
  };

  ?? abracadabbra < abracadabra_abracadabra || some_long_name == another_long_name
  &&. abracadabra_abracadabra < long_long_long_long_name => io.print x
  !! x < 0 => {
    x += 1;
    io.print y;
  } !!=> return ();
}

: example of function with optional arguments (without type annotation)
: real type is 'A? 'A? -> 'A?
sum 'a? 'b? =
  'a & 'b =: %a => a;


: example that shows that default annotations are argument names (without ')
@a is integer
@b also integer
sum_2 'a 'b = 'a + 'b;

: this function can be used to calculate Fibonacci sequence elements
: it is important is some algorithmic tasks
: also this is example of function constraint
@n is position in Fibonacci sequence
? 'n >= 0;
fib 'n : @n Int -> Int =
  'n =: 0 | 1 => 1
     =: _ => fib ('n - 1) + fib 'n;

func_2 {
  %variant := x;

  %val | %err := f x;

  %lambda1 := \'x 'y => 'x + 'y;

  %lambda2 := \ => 3;

  variant =: 1 | 2 => "a"
          =: 3..10 => "b"
          =: 45 | 55 | x ?? x > 100 => "c"
          =: _ => "another variants";

  // all var arrays are dynamic
  $array := [[x y z]];
  array.push a;

  %x := maybe_something => do_something
     := _ => do_something_another;

  %x := Task @name "do something" @duration 123.1;

  // open optional: execute expression only if not null
  %x? := maybe_something => do_something;

  // open optional: return null to all outputs (all outputs should be optional values)
  %x? := maybe_something;

  // open optional: panic on null
  %x! := maybe_something;

  // open optional: return null to all outputs (all outputs should be optional values)
  maybe_something?;

  // open optional: panic on null
  maybe_something!;

  // open optional: if null then return default value (operator)
  %x := maybe_something ?| value;

  %y := Fruit @apple ();

  y =: Fruit @apple () => "apple"
    =: Fruit @orange () => "orange"
    =: Fruit @banana () => "banana";

  %z := ( + ) 1 2;

  // tuple access
  %t := 1 & 2 & 3;
  print t.0;
}

: operator definition example
( - ) 'a 'b = 'a + neg 'b;

test.something {
  do_something a b c;
}

exec.something {
  do_something a b c;
}

example.something {
  do_something a b c;
}

Task = @name String
     & @duration Float;

Fruit = @apple Unit
      | @orange Unit
      | @banana Unit;

: function that takes array reference argument
bubble_sort 'arr : <> Array['A] {
  $ swap_occured := true;
  @ swap_occured => {
    swap_occured = false;
    @ %i : 0 .. 'arr.size => (?? 'arr[i] > 'arr[i + 1] => swap 'arr[i] 'arr[i + 1], swap_occured = true);
  };
}

: bubble_sort with names instead of symbols
bubble_sort_2 'arr : ref Array['A] {
  var swap_occured := true;
  for swap_occured do {
    swap_occured = false;
    for let i : 0 .. 'arr.size do (if 'arr[i] > 'arr[i + 1] do swap 'arr[i] 'arr[i + 1], swap_occured = true);
  };
}

: example of <> and generics. <> (in type definition) used to denote that this object allocated on heap
: object allocated by unique reference by default
<> TreeNode 'Key 'Value =
  & @key Key
  & @value Value
  & @left <> TreeNode['Key 'Value]
  & @right <> TreeNode['Key 'Value];

.new = do_something; // static methods

.insert <> 'this 'key = do_something; // const methods

.find 'this 'key = do_something;

.delete <> 'this 'key = do_something; // var methods


generic_type_name_expressions {
  $x := TreeNode[Int Int].new;
  $y := std.Array[Int].new;
}

pipes_example {
  expr |> func_1 a b |> func_2 c d |> print; // print (func_2 (func_1 expr a b) c d)
  print <| func_1 a b <| func_2 c d <| expr; // print (func_1 a b (func_2 c d expr))
}

test_ref_access_precendence {
  %x := <> arr[123];
}

// by default constant arguments are used

: constant arguments example, type - 'A 'B
print_two 'a 'b = print 'a, print 'b;

: example of reference args and comma operator
swap 'a 'b : <> 'A <> 'A = %c := <- 'a, 'a := <- 'b, 'b := <- c;

: previous example with automatic type deduction
swap_2 <> 'a <> 'b = %c := <- 'a, 'a := <- 'b, 'b := <- c;

: several outputs example
scan_three : -> String -> String -> String = scan & scan & scan;

: output by argument
scan_to_variable 'a : -> String = 'a := scan;

: consuming input example
move_construct_task 'name 'duration : <- String <- Float -> Task = Task @name 'name @duration 'duration;

: copy constructing, field annotations deduced
arg_deduction_example 'name 'duration : <- String <- Float -> Task = Task 'name 'duration;

: ord is fundamental typeclass
#Ord[#Eq];
.is_less_then : Ord -> Bool;

: function, that takes result argument
result_example 'a! = 'a =: _? => print "value inside"
                        =: _ => print "error inside";

: function, that returns result
parse_number : Unit! {
  %number_str := String.scan;
  %number! := Int.parse number_str;
  number.print;
  bring ();
}

: example of or_in and or_out usage for template operators (tuple input and tuple output)
( & ) --|-> 'a --|-> 'b <-|-- 'x <-|-- 'y = ('a := 'x) && ('b := 'y);

: function, that return result ('!' not used on calls)
: useful when tuples returned
result_func! 'a 'b -> 'c -> 'd = ?? 'a == 0 => error "some error" !!=> ('c := 'a, 'd := 'b, ());

// (A & B & C) same to Tuple[A B C]
tuple_argument_test 'x : (A & B & C) = do_something;

// ((A1 & A2) | B | C) same to Variant[Tuple[A1 A2] B C]
variant_argument_test 'x : ( (A1 & A2) | B | C) = do_something;

literals_test {
  %float_number_literal := 1.0f;
  %double_number_literal := 1.0;
  %int_literal := 1i;
  %long_literal := 1l;
  %index_literal := 1;
  %string_literal := "";
  %unicode_string_literal := ""u;
  %char_literal := ''a'';
  %unicode_literal := ''↪''u;
  %bool_literal := true;
  %unit_literal := ();
  %null_literal := null;
}

array_argument_test 'x : A[Int] = do_something;

functional_arguments_test 'x 'y : F[Int -> Int] F[Float <- Float -> Float] = do_something;

type_name_expression_test 'x : Int = A[Int].a.b.c x y z;
array_name_expression_test 'x : Int = [[(A a) b]].a.b.c x y z;
name_expression_test 'x : Int = abacaba.a.b.c x y z;
field_name_expression_test 'x : Int = (abacaba.a).b.c x y z;

array_function_test 'x : Int [[ 'x (do_something 'x) (T 'x)]]